- Introduction — The Real Home Energy Saver Numbers
- What Is the NSW Home Energy Saver Program?
- The Two Types of Support: Discount vs. Loan
- What Upgrades Are Funded?
- Loan Eligibility — Who Can Apply
- Discount Eligibility — Who Can Apply
- Can You Get Both? Combining a Discount and Loan
- Home Energy Saver for Homeowners
- Home Energy Saver for Landlords
- Home Energy Saver for Renters
- Home Energy Saver in Strata & Apartments
- How to Apply for a Home Energy Saver Loan
- How to Prepare for the Discount (Coming Soon)
- Approved Suppliers & Finance Providers
- Solar Panels & the Home Energy Saver — The Full Picture
- Separate Household Energy Saving Upgrades Incentives
- Other NSW Rebates You Can Stack
- 12 Actionable Tips to Maximise Your Home Energy Saver Benefits
- 5 Mistakes That Cost NSW Households Money
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Conclusion
1. Introduction — The Real Home Energy Saver Numbers
If you've been searching for information on the NSW Home Energy Saver program, you've likely encountered a wide range of figures, some of which don't match the official government source. That's because the program was significantly restructured and relaunched with clearer parameters than previous iterations — and many third-party articles haven't kept up.
At Ausgreen Solar Solutions, we researched this article directly from the official NSW Government Home Energy Saver page. These are the verified facts, not approximations.
The Home Energy Saver program offers NSW households two distinct forms of support to lower the upfront cost of energy saving upgrades: a discount of up to $4,000 for lower-income and concession households, and a zero-interest loan of up to $15,000 for homeowners and landlords with a combined household income up to $210,000. Loans are currently open for applications. Discounts are coming soon.
2. What Is the NSW Home Energy Saver Program?
The Home Energy Saver is an NSW Government program that lowers the upfront cost of energy saving upgrades — such as solar panels, batteries, heat pump water heaters, insulation, and more — to help NSW households reduce their energy bills and improve home comfort.
Home Energy Saver helps lower the upfront cost of technologies such as insulation and home batteries, making energy saving upgrades possible for eligible households. Get a discount of up to $4,000 or a zero-interest loan of up to $15,000 to make your house or apartment cheaper to run and more comfortable to live in. The program is funded by the NSW Government, with discounts delivered by Creditex and loans delivered by Brighte and Plenti.
The program aims to:
- Help lower energy bills for NSW households
- Ease cost-of-living pressures
- Reduce greenhouse gas emissions
- Improve reliability across the electricity grid
It's important to understand that this is not a single rebate payment — it is either a point-of-sale discount applied by an approved supplier, or a zero-interest loan processed through an approved finance provider. The mechanics of how you access each type of support differ significantly, which we cover in detail below.
3. The Two Types of Support: Discount vs. Zero-Interest Loan
The most important thing to understand about the Home Energy Saver program is that it has two completely different support mechanisms, with different eligibility rules, different delivery partners, and different application statuses.
🏦 Zero-Interest Loan
Up to $15,000✅ Applications open NOW
- Repayable over up to 10 years
- Zero per cent interest
- For homeowners and landlords
- Income up to $210,000 combined
- Must be Australian citizen or permanent resident
- Delivered via Brighte and Plenti
🏷️ Discount
Up to $4,000⏳ Coming soon — not yet open
- One-off upfront discount on eligible upgrades
- Minimum $200 customer contribution required
- For homeowners AND renters
- Income up to $80,000 combined, OR concession card
- Only one discount per property (unless renter moves)
- Delivered by Creditex
As of the date of this article, discount applications have not opened. If you are eligible for both a discount and a loan, the NSW Government specifically recommends you wait and apply for the discount first before applying for a loan. Sign up to the NSW Government's mailing list at energy.nsw.gov.au/home-energy-saver/sign-up to be notified when discounts open.
4. What Upgrades Are Funded Under Home Energy Saver?
Both the discount and the loan can be used for the same range of approved energy saving upgrades. The official list from the NSW Government includes 13 upgrade types:
Rooftop solar system
Residential battery
Switchboard upgrade
Heat pump water heater
Solar water heater
Reverse cycle air conditioner
Induction cooktop
EV level 2 charger
DC ceiling fan
Ceiling insulation
Draught-proofing
Double glazing
NatHERS assessment
Rooftop solar systems are on the eligible upgrades list — making the Home Energy Saver loan immediately relevant for anyone planning a solar installation in NSW. A zero-interest loan of up to $15,000 can cover a significant portion of a quality solar system, and potentially the solar + battery combination. Contact Ausgreen Solar Solutions to discuss how a Home Energy Saver loan can work with your planned solar upgrade.
The complete product eligibility details are set out in the Home Energy Saver loan guidelines (PDF) published by the NSW Government. Discount guidelines will be released separately when discount applications open.
5. Loan Eligibility — Who Can Apply for the Home Energy Saver Loan?
The zero-interest loan is available now. To be eligible for a Home Energy Saver loan, you must:
- Be an owner of the property (homeowners and landlords — not renters)
- Be an Australian citizen or permanent resident
- Have a combined, annual, taxable household income of up to $210,000
Note that landlords are eligible for loans — their tenants may be eligible for discounts separately and should apply independently if eligible.
If you are a landlord, your tenant may be eligible for a Home Energy Saver discount to install upgrades in your property. The NSW Government recommends discussing this with your tenant. If the tenant is eligible, they must apply for the discount — but you as the landlord can separately apply for a zero-interest loan for the same property.
6. Discount Eligibility — Who Can Apply for the Home Energy Saver Discount?
Unlike the loan, the discount is available to a broader range of applicants including renters. However, it has tighter income requirements. To be eligible for a Home Energy Saver discount, you must:
- Be an owner of the property OR a tenant named on the lease
- Meet one of the following income or concession conditions:
💰 Income Pathway
Combined annual household income of up to $80,000
🪪 Concession Card Pathway
Hold one of these cards:
- Health Care Card
- Low Income Health Care Card
- Pensioner Concession Card
- Veteran Gold Card
Additional Discount Rules
- Minimum customer contribution: You must pay at least $200 towards the total cost of your upgrade
- One discount per property: If your household has already received a discount and you own the home, you cannot receive another one
- Renters who move: If you rent and move to a property with a different landlord, you can receive another discount
- Maximum discount is $4,000 once: Even if you choose multiple upgrades totalling more, you receive one $4,000 maximum discount — not multiple separate discounts
If you choose 2 upgrades totalling $10,000, you will not receive 2 discounts. You receive one $4,000 discount and pay the remaining $6,000 (or apply for a loan to cover that remainder). The maximum $4,000 discount applies once per eligible household per property.
7. Can You Get Both a Discount AND a Loan?
Yes — if you meet the eligibility criteria for both, you can receive a discount and a zero-interest loan together. The NSW Government's official guidance is clear on how this works:
- You can receive up to $4,000 off through the discount
- If your upgrades cost more than $4,000, you can apply for a zero-interest loan to cover the remaining amount
- Critical timing rule: If you want both, the NSW Government specifically recommends you wait and apply for the discount first, before applying for the loan
The NSW Government is explicit: "If you would like to apply for a discount and loan on the same purchase, it is recommended you wait and apply for the discount first." Since discounts are not yet open, if you believe you may be eligible for both, wait for the discount to open before applying for a loan. Contact Ausgreen Solar Solutions and we can help you plan the optimal sequence for your situation.
8. Home Energy Saver for Homeowners
If you own your home in NSW, you have access to both forms of Home Energy Saver support, depending on your income level.
What You Can Apply For as a Homeowner
- Zero-interest loan up to $15,000 — available now (income up to $210,000)
- Discount up to $4,000 — coming soon (income up to $80,000 or concession card)
- Both, if eligible for both (apply for discount first)
Benefits for Homeowners
- Lower your energy bills through more efficient technology
- Improve the comfort of your home year-round
- Lower your greenhouse gas emissions
- Increase your property value through energy-efficient upgrades
For homeowners planning a solar installation, the zero-interest loan is immediately relevant — it can fund part or all of a rooftop solar system (and potentially a battery), with repayments spread over up to 10 years at zero per cent interest. Ausgreen Solar Solutions is an approved supplier for Home Energy Saver upgrades — contact us to discuss your options.
9. Home Energy Saver for Landlords
Landlords can access the Home Energy Saver zero-interest loan for upgrade their investment properties. This creates a meaningful opportunity: lower the upfront cost of energy upgrades to a rental property while improving its energy rating and long-term value.
What Landlords Can Apply For
- Zero-interest loan up to $15,000 — available now
Important for Landlords
Your tenant may separately be eligible for a Home Energy Saver discount. In that case, your tenant must apply — not you. The discount is designed to help lower-income tenants access energy upgrades, but requires the tenant to be the named applicant.
Having an energy-efficient rental property increasingly matters for tenants making rental choices — and NSW's Minimum Energy Efficiency Rental Standards (MEERS) consultation is currently underway, suggesting future mandatory efficiency thresholds for rental properties in NSW.
10. Home Energy Saver for Renters
Renters are specifically included in the Home Energy Saver discount program — an important distinction from many previous NSW energy incentive programs that were limited to property owners.
What Renters Can Apply For
- Discount up to $4,000 — coming soon (must be named on the lease)
Renter Requirements
- You must be named on the lease agreement for the property
- You require approval from your landlord before proceeding with any upgrade
- If your property is in a strata building, you may also need strata manager approval
- You must meet the income (up to $80,000) or concession card eligibility criteria
The zero-interest loan component of Home Energy Saver is only available to property owners (homeowners and landlords). Renters can access the discount once it opens, but not the loan. If you rent and want to make larger upgrades, speaking to your landlord about them applying for a loan — while you apply for a discount — may be the best combined approach.
11. Home Energy Saver in Strata & Apartments
Residents of strata properties — apartments, townhouses, and units — can access Home Energy Saver support if they meet the standard eligibility criteria. However, there's an additional requirement: strata or owners corporation approval is required before proceeding with any upgrade.
- You can receive a discount or loan if you meet eligibility criteria and no exclusions apply
- You are responsible for seeking strata/owners corporation approval for the upgrade
- NSW also has a separate Solar for Apartment Residents grant program — this is a distinct program worth investigating if you live in an apartment and want to access solar specifically
12. How to Apply for a Home Energy Saver Loan — Step by Step
The zero-interest loan is open now. Here is the official application process from the NSW Government:
- Check your eligibility. Read the Home Energy Saver loan guidelines (PDF) or use the Energy Savings Finder to confirm you meet the eligibility criteria. If you're also eligible for a discount and want both, wait and apply for the discount first.
- Choose your upgrade. Use the Energy Savings Calculator to determine which upgrade best suits your household and calculate potential savings.
- Choose a finance provider. Select from the participating finance providers: Brighte or Plenti. Visit their website to begin your application.
- Get quotes from approved suppliers. Gather quotes from suppliers on the approved supplier list (available on each finance provider's website). Ausgreen Solar Solutions is an approved supplier for solar and battery installations — contact us directly for a quote.
- Apply for the loan. Finalise your loan application through your selected finance provider's website once you've decided on your upgrade and supplier.
13. How to Prepare for the Home Energy Saver Discount (Coming Soon)
The discount is not yet open for applications, but here's what the NSW Government recommends you do now to be ready:
- Use the Energy Savings Finder. Visit energy.nsw.gov.au/tools/finder to find what financial support and energy saving tips are available to you right now.
- Use the Energy Savings Calculator. Find the right upgrade for your home and calculate how much you could save on your energy bills with different upgrade options.
- Wait if you're eligible for both. If you want to combine a discount and a loan, do not apply for the loan yet — wait until the discount opens and apply for the discount first.
- Sign up to the mailing list. Register at energy.nsw.gov.au/home-energy-saver/sign-up to be notified when discount applications open.
14. Approved Suppliers & Finance Providers
A key feature of the Home Energy Saver program is that you must use approved suppliers and finance providers. This is how the program ensures quality and consumer protection.
Finance Providers (for Loans)
Brighte
One of Australia's leading green finance providers. Apply directly through their Home Energy Saver loan page.
brighte.com.au →Plenti
Australian renewable energy lending specialist. Apply directly through their Home Energy Saver loan page.
plenti.com.au →Approved Suppliers (for Upgrades)
Approved supplier lists for each finance provider are maintained on their respective websites. For the discount component, approved suppliers will be listed by Creditex when discount applications open.
Ausgreen Solar Solutions is an approved supplier for Home Energy Saver upgrades including rooftop solar systems, residential batteries, and switchboard upgrades. When you apply for your loan through Brighte or Plenti, you can select Ausgreen Solar Solutions as your installer — or contact us first and we'll guide you through the full process. With 13 years of NSW solar installation experience, we handle the paperwork and program requirements so you don't have to.
15. Solar Panels & the Home Energy Saver — The Full Picture
For NSW households considering solar, the Home Energy Saver program is one part of a broader financial picture. Understanding how different incentives interact with solar will help you plan the most cost-effective installation.
Home Energy Saver + Solar
The program includes rooftop solar as an eligible upgrade. This means:
- A zero-interest loan of up to $15,000 can fund part or all of your solar system
- Lower-income households (income up to $80,000 or concession card) may also be eligible for the upcoming $4,000 discount
- The loan has no interest — meaning you're effectively getting a free financing arrangement to spread your solar investment over up to 10 years
Federal Small-Scale Technology Certificates (STCs)
The federal government's STC system operates separately and in addition to the Home Energy Saver program. When you install solar, your accredited installer creates STCs based on your system size and location — these are bought back by the installer and applied as a point-of-sale discount. For a typical 6.6kW system in Sydney in 2025, this STC discount is currently in the range of $2,800–$3,800 and is applied at the time of installation, independently of the Home Energy Saver loan or discount.
Stacking Solar Incentives in 2025
| Incentive | Amount | Who | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Home Energy Saver Loan | Up to $15,000 (0% interest) | Homeowners, income ≤ $210K | Open now |
| Home Energy Saver Discount | Up to $4,000 | Income ≤ $80K or concession card | Coming soon |
| Federal STCs | ~$2,800–$3,800 for 6.6kW (varies) | All solar installations | Open (applied at point of sale) |
| National Energy Bill Relief | Up to $300 household credit | All NSW households | Applied automatically to bills |
When combined, a lower-income NSW household installing solar in 2025–26 could potentially access the $4,000 discount (when it opens) plus the federal STC discount — reducing their out-of-pocket solar cost by $6,000–$8,000 or more, with any remaining balance covered by a zero-interest loan.
16. Separate Household Energy Saving Upgrades Incentives
Alongside the Home Energy Saver program, NSW also operates a separate scheme called Household Energy Saving Upgrades — a different set of incentives delivered through the Energy Security Safeguard (formerly the Energy Savings Scheme). This is a distinct program with different mechanics.
How Household Energy Saving Upgrades Work (ESS)
Unlike the Home Energy Saver, these incentives are not direct grants or loans. They are upfront discounts provided by installers who have partnered with an Accredited Certificate Provider (ACP). The ACP creates Energy Savings Certificates (ESCs) for the energy saved by the upgrade — these certificates are sold on the market, and the value is passed back to you as a discount on your installation quote.
Current Household Energy Saving Upgrades Available
- Battery installation incentive — discounts for households installing residential batteries, including VPP (Virtual Power Plant) incentives
- Air conditioner upgrade incentive — incentive to replace old systems with high-efficiency reverse-cycle air conditioners
- Hot water upgrade incentive — incentive to replace electric or gas water heaters with heat pump water heaters
The NSW Government recently banned unsolicited door-knocking campaigns to promote Household Energy Saving Upgrades, and introduced a requirement for a minimum 5-year warranty against defects for heat pump water heaters. These changes improve consumer protections and product quality standards in the program.
Unlike the Home Energy Saver, these ESC-based incentives are delivered by individual installers — the discount appears in your quote automatically. Only installers partnered with an ACP can provide these discounts. It's important to get multiple quotes since each installer may provide a different price and discount amount.
17. Other NSW Rebates You Can Stack With Home Energy Saver
The Home Energy Saver program sits within a broader ecosystem of NSW energy rebates. Here are the other programs that may apply to your household — separately from and in addition to the Home Energy Saver:
| Program | What It Provides | Who Can Apply |
|---|---|---|
| Low Income Household Rebate | Annual electricity bill rebate for eligible concession holders | PCC, Health Care Card, DVA Gold Card holders |
| Family Energy Rebate | Annual rebate for families receiving Family Tax Benefit | FTB recipients |
| Seniors Energy Rebate | Annual rebate for self-funded retirees | Commonwealth Seniors Health Card holders |
| National Energy Bill Relief | Up to $300 applied to household electricity bills | All NSW electricity customers (automatic) |
| Energy Accounts Payment Assistance (EAPA) | Emergency vouchers for households in bill crisis | Households facing energy hardship |
| Medical Energy Rebate | Rebate for households with life-support equipment | Households with approved medical needs |
| Life Support Rebate | Rebate for electricity used by approved life support equipment | Medically verified life support equipment users |
You can check which rebates you're eligible for using the NSW Energy Savings Finder tool on the government website.
18. 12 Actionable Tips to Maximise Your Home Energy Saver Benefits
- Sign up for discount notifications now. Visit energy.nsw.gov.au/home-energy-saver/sign-up to be notified the moment discount applications open. Missing the opening window can mean delays.
- Don't apply for a loan before the discount if you're eligible for both. This is the NSW Government's own explicit guidance. If your household income is under $80,000 or you hold an eligible concession card, wait for the discount before proceeding with a loan application.
- Use the Energy Savings Calculator before choosing an upgrade. The official Energy Savings Calculator helps you determine which upgrade delivers the best return for your specific household — don't guess.
- Get multiple quotes from approved suppliers. The NSW Government specifically notes that "every home has different needs" and quotes will vary. Compare at least 3 quotes before deciding.
- Verify your income figure is taxable income — not gross. The $80,000 threshold for the discount and $210,000 threshold for the loan refer to taxable household income. Your actual payable tax figure may differ from your gross salary. Check your most recent Notice of Assessment from the ATO.
- Check if your concession card qualifies. Only specific cards are eligible: Health Care Card, Low Income Health Care Card, Pensioner Concession Card, and Veteran Gold Card. Other cards (e.g., Seniors Card, Commonwealth Seniors Health Card) do not qualify for the discount.
- Plan your upgrade sequencing strategically. If you're planning solar + battery, these can potentially be funded together under a single loan application — simplifying the process and potentially saving on installation costs vs. staging them separately.
- Don't forget the federal STC discount for solar. The Home Energy Saver loan/discount and the federal STC point-of-sale discount for solar panels are separate incentives that work together. Make sure your solar installer is CEC-accredited and processes STCs on your behalf.
- Plan for a switchboard upgrade if needed. Many homes being upgraded with solar, batteries, or EV chargers also need a switchboard upgrade — which is also an eligible Home Energy Saver upgrade. Include this in your initial quote to avoid surprise costs later.
- Consider a NatHERS assessment if you're uncertain which upgrades to prioritise. A NatHERS assessment is on the eligible upgrades list and gives you an independent energy performance rating and priority improvement list for your specific home.
- Strata residents: get OC approval in writing first. Do not proceed with any upgrade in a strata property without written approval from your owners corporation or strata manager. Proceeding without approval can invalidate your application and create liability.
- Contact Ausgreen Solar Solutions for a complete incentive analysis. Our team will assess your specific household situation — income, concession status, property type, planned upgrades — and map out the optimal sequence and combination of Home Energy Saver support, federal STCs, and any other available incentives.
19. 5 Mistakes That Cost NSW Households Money on Home Energy Saver
- Applying for a loan before the discount when eligible for both. If you receive a loan first and later apply for a discount on the same purchase, complications may arise. The NSW Government is explicit: apply for the discount first if eligible.
- Using a supplier not on the approved list. Only approved suppliers can process Home Energy Saver support. Using an unapproved installer means you won't receive the discount or have access to the loan for that purchase — and you can't recover it retroactively.
- Assuming all concession cards qualify. Only four specific cards qualify for the discount pathway. Don't assume your card is eligible — verify against the official list before planning your application.
- Forgetting the $200 minimum customer contribution for the discount. The discount is not 100% of your upgrade cost. You must contribute at least $200. Budget for this upfront payment.
- Not comparing quotes. The NSW Government explicitly warns that different installers provide different prices. Given the $4,000 maximum discount is fixed, a higher quote means more out-of-pocket cost. Getting multiple quotes from approved suppliers is essential — not optional.
20. Frequently Asked Questions — NSW Home Energy Saver
- What is the NSW Home Energy Saver program?
The NSW Home Energy Saver program is a government initiative that helps eligible households lower the upfront cost of energy saving upgrades. It offers either a discount of up to $4,000 (for lower-income households and concession cardholders) or a zero-interest loan of up to $15,000 (for property owners with a combined income up to $210,000). Eligible upgrades include solar panels, batteries, heat pump water heaters, insulation, reverse cycle air conditioners, induction cooktops, EV chargers, ceiling fans, draught-proofing, double glazing, and NatHERS assessments.
- Are Home Energy Saver loan applications open?
Yes, the zero-interest loan is open for applications now. You can apply through participating finance providers Brighte (brighte.com.au) or Plenti (plenti.com.au). The discount (up to $4,000) is not yet open — applications are "coming soon" as of the date of this article. Sign up to the NSW Government mailing list at energy.nsw.gov.au/home-energy-saver/sign-up to be notified when discounts open.
- Can renters access the Home Energy Saver?
Yes, but only for the discount component (coming soon) — not the zero-interest loan. Renters must be named on the lease, meet the income (under $80,000 combined) or concession card eligibility criteria, and obtain landlord approval before proceeding with any upgrade. The loan is only available to property owners (homeowners and landlords).
- Can I receive both a discount and a loan?
Yes, if you meet the eligibility criteria for both. You can receive up to $4,000 off through the discount, and if your upgrade costs more, a zero-interest loan can cover the remainder. The NSW Government specifically recommends applying for the discount first — before applying for the loan — if you want both.
- Is solar included in the Home Energy Saver program?
Yes. Rooftop solar systems are an eligible upgrade under the Home Energy Saver program. This means you can use a zero-interest loan of up to $15,000 to fund a solar installation, and — when the discount opens — eligible lower-income households may be able to apply the $4,000 discount to solar as well. Note that the federal STC discount for solar is a separate, additional incentive that also applies.
- Which concession cards qualify for the Home Energy Saver discount?
Four specific cards qualify: Health Care Card, Low Income Health Care Card, Pensioner Concession Card, and Veteran Gold Card. Other cards such as the Commonwealth Seniors Health Card or NSW Seniors Card do not qualify for the discount pathway (though some holders may qualify via the income pathway if their income is under $80,000).
- Can I get more than one Home Energy Saver discount?
No — if your household has already received a discount and you own your home, you cannot receive another one for the same property. Renters are an exception: if you move to a property with a different landlord, you can receive another discount. This rule is designed to keep the program fair and available to as many households as possible.
- How long can I repay a Home Energy Saver loan?
The zero-interest loan can be repaid over up to 10 years. The specific repayment terms are determined by the participating finance provider (Brighte or Plenti) based on your loan amount and assessment. Visit their websites for current repayment calculator tools.
- How does the discount actually work — do I get cash back?
No — the discount is not cash in your bank account. It is an upfront reduction applied directly to the cost of your upgrade at the point of purchase, similar to how a retail discount works. Your approved supplier includes the discount in their quote. You still need to contribute at least $200 towards the total cost. The discount amount reduces your out-of-pocket expense — it is not a rebate paid after the fact.
- How can Ausgreen Solar Solutions help me access Home Energy Saver?
Ausgreen Solar Solutions is an approved supplier for Home Energy Saver upgrades including rooftop solar, battery storage, and switchboard upgrades. We can provide you with a quote that clearly reflects all applicable program discounts, help you navigate the loan application process through Brighte or Plenti, advise you on the optimal sequencing of discount and loan applications, and ensure your installation meets all program quality requirements. Call us on 1300 016 978 or visit ausgreensolarsolutions.com.au to request a free consultation.
Conclusion
The NSW Home Energy Saver program is a genuine, well-structured opportunity for NSW households to reduce the upfront cost of energy upgrades — from solar and batteries through to heat pumps, insulation, and EV chargers. The key facts, verified directly from the NSW Government, are:
- Loans of up to $15,000 at zero per cent interest are open now for homeowners and landlords with income up to $210,000
- Discounts of up to $4,000 are coming soon for lower-income households (income under $80,000 or eligible concession card)
- Renters can access the discount but not the loan
- You must use approved suppliers — and contribute at least $200 for the discount
- If eligible for both, apply for the discount before the loan
At Ausgreen Solar Solutions, we've been helping NSW households navigate programs like this for 13 years. We know the details, we're an approved supplier, and we genuinely care about making solar and energy efficiency as accessible as possible. Our consultations are free, our quotes are clear, and we'll make sure you don't miss a dollar of your entitlements.